The World Without Us free essay sample

Alan Weisman The World Without Us written by Alan Weisman is an intriguing book about what the world would be like if humans influence never took place and better yet, now that humans have invaded the space of natural wilderness, how would the environment adapt if humans disappeared? What would it be like if none of the creatures in our environment had to deal with the constant demands of humans? How would the forms of life take over all the buildings and materials humans left behind? In the opening chapter, Weisman talks about the greatness and exotic life of the Bialowieza Puszca. This forest spanned parts of Europe and Weisman talks of its biodiversity due to the lack of human influence. The way that he describes this area of wildlife and wilderness, really helps the reader visualize what the world really might be like if humans didn’t destroy the habitats of many species and use their homes as land for industry. We will write a custom essay sample on The World Without Us or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Weisman goes on talking about what our homes would look like after humans disappeared and even how major cities, such as New York City and Manhattan, would be affected. The houses and buildings would eventually break down and form habitats for animals, such as rodents, and even insects. New York City’s subway tunnels would flood which would lead to other disastrous events to deteriorate the infrastructure. Weisman suggests plant life to begin to grow in new places that would usually be prevented by human upkeep. He goes on to explain in detail of the many ways the environment would start to â€Å"grow back† to its original state; the natural wilderness before humans took over the land and destroyed it. The author, Alan Weisman, then continues on and discusses his other proposals of how humans are affecting the environment. He talks about the increase of carbon dioxide emissions in every day human life and its affect on global warming. He mentions how the discovery of paleontology proves that extinction of species could be due to the affects of human influence on their habitats. Humans are now known to be willingly killing off and hunting overpopulated animals whereas Weisman thinks it is not necessary. He suggests, â€Å"You don’t actually have to shoot the songbirds to remove them from the sky. Take away enough of their homes or sustenance, and they will fall dead on their own† (The World Without Us, page 83). Subsequently, the book continues through the idea of what would happen to the world’s greatest structures, how the pollution in the ocean would be affected, how mosquitoes would benefit greatly once the human race disappears, and how evolution may be impacted by the proposed explosion of the petroleum plants once human maintenance has ceased. Weisman also continues talking about how the impact of farm fertilization will have on the rebirth of the natural environment. Some fertilizers will level metals in the ground and take almost 100,000 years to degrade. The nitrates that some farmers use in their soil may take awhile for the soil to recover as well. He states that old architectural structures will have no significant impact because without humans to help maintain its structure, the environment, such as plants and animals, will be able to adapt to it. He talks about how the Great Wall of China will degrade and plant life will suffice. Weisman also notes that the bird population will greatly benefit if the human existence ceased. Because of all of the towers, buildings, and telephone poles that humans have placed in their way, many birds die each year. The overall last few chapters of Alan Weisman’s book, The World Without Us, explains how the human population will most likely not become extinct in some mass extinction epidemic. Moreover, if humans were to be killed off, other species would most likely be killed off as well. Alan Weisman’s intentions for this book was not to point out that humans ruined the natural beauty of the world, but to explain that humans can choice to adapt with the natural environment instead of intruding it.

The Life of Jelly Roll Morton essays

The Life of Jelly Roll Morton essays Ferdinand Joseph Jelly Roll Morton LaMenthe was born in New Orleans, Louisiana on October 20, 1890. As a child he began to learn how to play the piano at age 10 years old. He was taught by Tony Jackson, composer of songs like Pretty Boy and other hits. Tony Jackson is among the few musicians whom Morton admired and respected. He called Jackson the greatest single-handed entertainers in the world. After the death of his mother, Morton began playing in whorehouses and in the bordellos of the Storyville district of New Orleans. There he became active as a gambler, pool shark, and a lot of things that caused his grandmother to throw him out of the house as a bum and a scalawag. She did not want him around his two little sisters. As a wanderer, and during the fair of 1904, he began traveling such cities as Chicago, Los Angeles, St. Louis, and Denver playing with various musical organizations as an in demand musician but he could never stay long with one band. He couldnt stay long in one band too long because he was too eccentric and too temperamental, and he was a one-man band himself, said by bandleader George Morrison whom Morton played for in Denver. Morton really wanted to be the extreme musician. After that he toured the south in a minstrel show for about a year and a half. In a bar in St. Louis where pianist hung out, Morton had to prove his prowness by playing and reading music pieces set before him. In 1912, Morton briefly settled in Chicagos South Side where he published his first number, The Jelly Roll Blues, which was brought out by William Rossiter. He traveled with this piece as far as New York and as far west as California where he performed with the Spike Brother as well as fronting his own bands. During these years of travel, Morton apparently fused a variety of black musical idioms- ragtime, vocal and instrumental blues, items from the minstrel sh...

Bless Me Essay Example For Students

Bless Me Essay Bless me, Ultima Essay What is faith? Does everyone have faith? Is faith believing in something you havent seen but you think is true? All of these questions have an answer and in Bless me, Ultima by Rodolfo Anaya these questions are important. In fact, many people question their faith because they are confused about what they see or hear. In Bless me, Ultima, Rudolfo Anaya shows that on this world there are many types of faith one believes in. The author uses imagery, folklore, and dream sequences to convey the meaning of Bless me, Ultima. Anaya uses imagery to show how Christianity and witchcraft are two different beliefs, and they are in conflict with each other. The imagery provides a picture of Tonys conflict of Ultima dying. For example, When Tony was next to Ultima he knew she was going to die. As Ultima was dying, Her voice very weak, her eyes already glazed with death. 260 Anaya makes that imagery for us to see what Tony was seeing. Second, Anaya uses dream sequences to show that Tony has conflicts with himself about his beliefs. He questions his belief in this dream because he is afraid of what he might find out. In his dream Tony says, Everything I believe in was destroyed. A painful wrenching in my heart made me cry aloud, why God? my God, why have you forsaken me! 243 Tony cannot accept what is happening. Why do all good people have to die? In fact, Anaya uses folklore in this story to show that every language there is folklore about religions that believes in. Therefore, in this part it says The Agua Negra was the land of the Commanche Indians. Three Commanche raided the flock of one. So grandfather Tellez hanged them and left them strung on a tree. Now their souls wandered around the ranch. 227 This is one folklore from the story. Many are passed down from generation to generation. In conclusion, Anaya showed how Tony had many conflicts with himself about religion and beliefs. Any beliefs that one has are going to be different from someone elses. In Bless me, Ultima Rodolfo Anaya shows that this earth are many types of faiths. Yet, one has a freedom to choose ones path in life. Whether is to believe in a god or not.

Sound in Films Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sound in Films - Essay Example Through the challenge of the lack of sound films in the 1920s were able to present an artistic form of visual arts while successfully conveying the message. Comparative analysis of the present and past audience can reveal that the audience during the period of silent movies have more open mind in terms of communication. It can even be perceived that understanding was achieved by the audience through a sense of empathy and emotional acceptance. But through the said issue, it can provoke the analysis that sound is an important element. Although this is the case, the absence of sound in the silent films created made these films worth of admiration on the basis of the fact that other elements are exponentially compensated. On the other hand, in the present era sound can be considered an indispensable component of film making. To be able to present an analysis on the key concepts of sound in films, it is important to concentrate on a particular film. ... is can be attributed to the fact that the movie Sunrise belongs to the batch of films that pioneered the use of soundtrack of music and even sound effects that had been recorded. The role of the said film can be considered essential to the perfection and development of the synchronized sound in films (McCaffrey and Jacobs 8). It can be observed that the silent era presented an important capacity to create an atmosphere that can make the audience understand the message. This was done through visual instruments. Through the course of the film history, the shift on the capability to relay messages to the public is through the sound. The sound became one of the most important tools in the film that were produced from the 1920s up to the present. It terms of the production of films, it can be considered as a continuous challenge to the present batch of film makers to be able to achieve the level of classic triumph that was achieved in the early films. In Sunrise, the objective of the film was achieved through the capture of the visual sense of the viewers. In addition, it had introduced the era wherein even the sense of hearing is satisfied. Due to the said fact, the film was able to create more success in capturing the attention of the audience. Basically, the sound in the said film was only used to be able to create an atmosphere of feeling the film. This can be attributed to the fact that the said movie can still be classified as a silent film. The only difference is the background music or musical scoring. For that matter, Sunrise can be considered as a hybrid or a transitional type of film, a form that is intermediate of the silent and modern films. Analysis of the Key Components of Sound Sound as we presently conceive can be considered as one of the major

Equity and trusts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Equity and trusts - Essay Example If Leonard and Nancy demonstrate to the court that they took all the necessary precautions consistent with the actions of an ordinary prudent man when exercising the trust fund, then their breaches will be discharged as exemplified in Speight v Gaunt (Kurt, Peter, Donald and Cecily 2011, p. 202-2012). In this case scenario, it is unlikely that an ordinary person with skills like those of Leonard would have managed the trust in the way he did by proposing the selling of some shares and retain the case. Section 3 (1) of the Trustee Act 2000 provides that trustee make investment decisions which he would have himself done if he was entitled absolutely to the trust assets of the trust. We could therefore say that Leonard would have made the same decisions had he been absolutely entitled to his trust assets and thus his suggestion can be considered to be reasonable. Despite this, his decision does not satisfy the set out standards like shown in the case of Cowan v Scargill where it was asc ertained that any decisions made should be wholly to the benefit of the beneficiaries and not the trustees (Sameera and Jill 2009, p. 202-210) And since this not the case in the study, then we can postulate that a breach of trust is evident. As for the case of Nancy, by the virtue of being a trustee under the trust, she will be also liable for the breaches of Leonard if it can be proved that he acted in a careless manner. From the demonstrations in case of Re Vickey, it was ascertained that a trustee can be found liable for recklessness if it is proved he did not give much regard as whether his act or omission amounted to a breach of trust. Since Nancy omitted in her duties by not raising objections to Leonard’s suggestions, we can say that he is careless and therefore he may be found to have breached his fiduciary duties. Additionally, just like it has been expressed by Abbas and Clements, the trustee is personally obliged to run the trust with part of the duty being to keen ly observe what other trustees are doing and raise objections if something wrong is being done (Antony 1999). Therefore, since Nancy did nothing to ensure that Leonard was exercising the instruments of trust as required, she is thus liable to a breach of trust. Consequently, as spelt out in Bahin v Hughes, there are sufficient reasons not to allow a trustee to escape liability by placing blame on another trustee or other trustees for anything that goes wrong (Bruce, Florin 2009). Nevertheless, if it can be approved that there was an exemption clause to that regard freeing her from the liability, then she shall not be in breach. Therefore, since in this case the trust instrument contains the clause, Nancy cannot be held liable for the breach of trust and should therefore not be sued. The beneficiaries are in a position to seek proprietary claim from Orlando’s property as it falls in the awarding against a specific asset which in this case is the swimming pool. Orlando clearly still is in possession of the swimming pool and thus the beneficiary can clearly assert proprietary claim to the swimming pool. We cannot determine if Orlando had the knowledge that the money she received from her mother was from the trust, but if Orlando had the knowledge then he clearly suffers from the liability to account to trust for value of property received, and

Future events Essay Example for Free

Future events Essay Richard here talks of a forthcoming golden era full of glory and hope. Whilst speaking in public, Richard uses this opportunity to defend him from being accused in future events. By praising the running of the country nobody would suspect him of becoming a family murderer. Again, in private Richard reveals his true feelings and again reveals to the audience future plots.  I am determined to prove a villain and hate the idle pleasures of these days. Plots I have laid, inductions dangerous. (Act 1 scene 1.Lines 30 +32) When speaking concealed away from the public, Richard provides insight into future events. Although it may appear that the war is over the royal family is about to confront another battle in the eyes of Richard. It is through what is said in private that Richard sheds light on future plots and events and to an extent he draws a relationship with the audience because of this.  The final area in which I will explore appearance and reality will be through the manipulation of religion. Richard of Gloucester is not the only character in the play to use appearance and reality as his two partners in crime prove. Catesby and Buckingham use religion as a weapon of disguising for Richards true personality and intentions. He is within, with two right reverend fathers, divinely bent to meditation .. To draw him from his holy exercise. (Act 3 scene 7.Line 60 + 61)  Buckingham endeavors to make Richard appear holy and innocent by portraying him as a devout, holy and religious man. By this point in the play we know that Richards life is not based on serving god but rather serving his own desires. His allies continue to do their utmost to mask his evil traits in front of the politicians.  This prince is not an Edward. He is not lulling on a lewd love-bed, but on his knees at meditation.(Act 3 scene 7.Line 70-71) Again, religion is manipulated to give a false identification of Richard. Their aim is to get Richard to become king and attain ruler ship thinking that they may get something in return. Buckinghams language reveals that he; Catesby and Richard are play acting.  Two props of virtue for a Christian prince .. and see a book of prayer in his hand. (Act 3 scene 7.Line 95+96)  Buckingham makes it apparent that this is a play within a play and uses the church and the word of god as a prop to make Richard look convincing on stage. Richard also does his part in covering up his true personality. I do beseech your grace to pardon me, who, earnest in the service of my god. (Line 104-105)  Richard once again stresses how devoted he is to god when really he is only devoted to getting himself raised to a godly figure in the form of king. Shakespeare reveals yet another plane to Richards ever- changing character through the manipulation of religion as we not only see a deceitful interpretator, a cold-blooded murderer but also a manipulative man. He has no regard for family, women or even god and this manifests the extent that he is willing to go to get what he wants. Shakespeare provides us with another peek into future events through the manipulation of Richard. Come, let us to our holy work again.(Act 3 scene 7.Line 245)  This holy work will in fact not be holy but will rather entail unholy and irreligious dealings. The work will contain further plotting and this braces the audience for further manipulation. This device measures the extent to which Richard will go to change his character. It also reveals that Richard isnt the only character that utilizes appearance and reality in the play and this reflects the amount of manipulation contained within the play. Appearance and reality is a device that Shakespeare cleverly uses to keep the character Richard of Gloucester running throughout the play. It revitalizes his character and interest in him is always stimulated because of this. To an extent, Richard uses appearance and reality as a stepping stool for further dealings in the future. Richard, the anti-hero, uses his physical appearance as a driving force for evil traits and deceive4s others into thinking that it makes him weaker. His contrasting treatment of women perfectly illustrates how well he can adjust roles when required. He is the master of deception as his opening soliloquy proves. It is what is said in private that reveals to the audience what Richards true intentions are and it is what is said in public that reflect lies. Shakespeare makes this link early on so that Richards changing wont fool the audience. Shakespeare mirrors appearance and reality through the manipulation of religion to show the extent that Richard will go to obtain what he requires. Appearance and reality is important because it shows that Richard is a character of dual interpretations and Shakespeare makes sure Richard uses it continually so that his character continues to fuel interest for the audience. Appearance and reality is a vital tool in the play as it not only plays a huge part in shaping events in the play but it also reveals future events that are to take place.

The Bennets: Experts in the Field of Inter-Family Conflict Avoidance :: essays research papers

The Bennets: Experts in the Field of Inter-Family Conflict Avoidance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Father looks across the dinner table and kindly asks his darling wife to pass the dinner rolls while Suzie is lovingly telling about her second grade teacher’s neat handwriting. The linen tablecloth is firmly pressed and the home-cooked meal is thankfully devoured. The yellow-checkered dinner plates are freshly washed, and the smell of lilacs from the garden drifts through the sunlit dining room. Billy smiles at his mother as he asks her if he could please have some more of her â€Å"deliciously home grown asparagus.† Mother nods to Billy and passes him the serving dish. When the family has had their fill, Suzie volunteers to do the dishes and Billy habitually clears the table and brings each of his parents a glass of dessert wine. Mother and Father then proceed to enjoy their wine as they talk of Beethoven and Monet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is a family without conflicts. Everybody dreams of one, nobody has one. It is impossible, and makes for a very unrealistic, and also a very boring, story. An imperfect family can be used in literature in order to make fiction believable and often more relative to the reader. By showing a character’s flaws, the author can add texture and depth to a story. Jane Austen definitely uses this idea in her famous novel: Pride and Prejudice. Not one of her characters is perfect. These flaws add drama to the plot in the same way that dressing adds flavor to a salad. The weaknesses of one character often foil the strengths of another: Lydia’s goofy foolishness has the affect of bringing out the sense and patience of Jane and Elizabeth. Mr. Wickham’s false personality and immoral behavior toward the Bennets proves Mr. Darcy’s truthfulness and emphasizes his kind and thoughtful personality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although faults often bring out the best in literature, a psychologist would suggest that the Bennets need some severe family counseling. Mr. and Mrs. Bennet should never have been married; they contradict the idea that opposites attract. Mr. Bennet had married because he was â€Å"captivated by youth and beauty, and [the] appearance of good humour which youth and beauty generally give†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (201) He married for the wrong reasons and suffers the consequences of his choice. Mrs. Bennet is described as an ignorant woman with weak understanding and an illiberal mind. Mr. Bennet is unhappy with the relationship as soon as the physical attraction wears off.

University of California diet test

University of California conducted an experimental diet test on three-day-old chicks to determine the % of iron consumed and excreted. The diet low in protein (5. 4%, 8. 5% or 10. 8%) or tryptophan (0. 12%) with adequate iron caused a certain percentage of reduction in growth and also resulted in anemia with the deficiency of protein or trypotophan whereas diet low in glycine (0. 33%) with adequate iron indicated reduction in growth and did not cause anemia.Malnutrition is a combination of medical and social disorder that is affecting one in every three persons resulting in chronic diseases and illnesses which includes all age groups of people. 70% of children in Asia, 26% in Africa and 4% in Latin America are affected with protein-energy malnutrition (WHO 2000). Complete eradication of malnutrition is possible with good systems of sanitation, abundant food supply, medical aid and self-employment programs to adequately support poor people financially to take good care of health of pa rents and particularly of children.Protein is a source of energy for living species and particularly according to RDA recommendation, every person must carry 0. 8 grams of protein for every kilogram of weight one weighs or 0. 36 grams per pound one weighs. Proteins contain twenty amino acids out of which nine are important which are necessarily must be available in food/diet. Conclusion Protein calculation should be according to the age, physical activity and exhaustion (burn) of calories. E. g. egetarian male 25-50 yrs requires 2900 calories/day. Protein need is 79 kg x 1gm of protein per kg = 79gms of protein per day. Although meat is rich in protein vegetarian diet is available in various forms viz. ,green leafy vegetables, pulses, nuts, milk, bread, rice, tofu, soya milk and butter. Vegetarian diet is easily digestible, quick in conversion to protein-energy whereas non-vegetarian is a hard-diet and it requires repetitive check to keep the meat healthy and edible for cooking.

Comparing and Contrasting

Compare and contrast the way the poets present a rustic activity? The two poems ‘Photograph of Haymaker 1890’ by Molly Holden and ‘Hay-making’ by Gillian Clarke portray rustic activity in a similar way. The poem ‘Photograph of Haymaker 1890’ consists of two stanzas and this could be linked to the fact that it is a reminiscing photo of a man who cuts hay. This shows the rustic activity due to the fact it is the poet possibly describing a relative of hers working. Whereas, the poem ‘Hay-making’ has three very short stanzas. We can link the short, fast flowing stanzas with the fact that the title seems synonymous with love making.The poet Molly Holden cleverly uses the imagery of life and death throughout her poem ‘Photograph of Haymaker’. An example being ‘to whet his scythe’ this conveys the message of death and an image of a grim reaper. Holden cleverly juxtaposes this with the phrase ‘white shirt lit by another summer’s sun’. Gillian Clarke also uses an intriguing juxtaposition, ‘these hot nights’. This juxtaposition shows a sultry image of natural passion. You could also link this to rustic activity if you imagine a worker possibly working in the night time. The tones of the two poems seem completely different from each other.Holden’s poem, ‘Photograph of Haymaker’ has a nostalgic tone ‘he pausing from his work†¦ trousers tied below the knee’. The phrases used give the connotation of the poet bringing back good memories. This is what photographs tend to do. Clarke uses enjambment as she does not use punctuations to break up the flow of her poem and this adds to the dreary tone. Towards the end of the poem we see more evidence of rustic activity. The poet Molly Holden uses enjambment throughout the last stanza, ‘sweet hay and gone some seventy years ago and yet they stand before me in the sun’.This en jambment gives the image of hay possibly falling down. We can link this to rustic activity if we create an image in our head of hay falling down in a country farm. Gillian Clarke’s poem has an interesting caesura before the word ‘Breathe’, this can be seen as a command possibly suggesting how the ritual of harvesting is metaphorically inspirational. Another important phrase which is strongly linked to rustic activity is, ‘in the scratch of the hay’. The ‘scratch’ of the hay creates a physical link between rural nature of a farm for instance and the act of human love making. We can also say that this is onomatopoeia.

Organizational Behaviour Concepts

Organizational Behaviour Concepts Introduction The main or major purpose of this research is to help students determine various concepts relating to organizational behavior in the leadership field. In addition, it will help them develop and extend their ability to critically apply the concepts gained so far in the real life situations, especially when they work in different work places. It is equally necessary for students and various scholars to learn such skills of leadership because commonly, they are faced with new challenges especially in work places.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behaviour Concepts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Having learned these skills, they can professionally tackle different situations which leaders face each and every day. Such situations include meeting customers and clients, workmates and most importantly, their seniors in organization at personal levels. In the end, this will result in improved perf ormance in the organization. In my adventure from college, I happened to visit Brookside Dairy Limited Company in Nairobi city in Kenya. The companys main goal is to raise the living standards of the population sector and also improve the lives of most of the small scale farmers in the region. The history of dairy industry in Kenya began in the year 1992. It was then when the first dairy cows were brought by European settlers. The first creamery had been founded in Naivasha which later opened several other branches in different parts of the country. The Brookside firm in Nairobi happens to be one of the branches that were founded at that time. I managed to meet Elisha Chumo, one of the managers in the industry together with the Daily Field Extension team. She suggested various ways in which they embraced help to farmers so as to increase milk production. The approaches advanced by her are the following. First, it is necessary to ensure that there is an available market to provide wi th milk. It means that customers should be assured of constant and available market for milk. In this regard, strong linkages are built with the customers since they are the potential shareholders in the cooperative. The entire Brookside Company is currently in partnership with over eight hundred thousand small-scale dairy farmers. They sell their milk throughout East Africa, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and even in the Middle East. Second, the cooperation should organize seminars. This is done to ensure the education of the parties involved in order to allow the farmers to be aware of new ways to increase milk production. In addition, the industry organizes regular seminars in the field training, meetings which are held countrywide to educate the workers on animal health, feeding, disease control, among others. These all are central points in animal husbandry.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get yo ur first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The third point is to offer credit and loan facilities. Brookside Daily has negotiated with Kenya Commercial Bank to provide loans to its potential shareholders at very low interest rates. This should encourage them to invest more into the dairy cooperative so as to expand their business in a long run. The company also offers its suppliers prompt payments for the milk delivered. It also has a grass root of many milk collection centers and cooling facilities which are well established with little wastage, such as the Oleguruone cooling plant, which supports over ten thousand farmers. Community development is another contribution of Brookside Daily Limited Company to the society. It pays the community back through supporting many communal projects aimed at improving living standards of people, such as repairing roads, cattle dips and church buildings. The company also employs farmers who are interested in joining the industry. For instance, the organization is not only a committed partner but also a faithful one ready to become a world class company through developing the mutual relationships with both the customers and the other parties involved. For my survey on the Nairobi Milk Processing Limited, I have discussed some burning issues in the industry with Chumo who has helped me come up with various characteristics of true leaders. The interview with Chumo took around five hours. The qualities of good leadership which I determined during the interview are consistent with the contingency theories. Contingency theories are classes of behavioral theories which are considered to be depended on both internal and external situations as they require the leader to meet the situation in order to develop a successful leadership behavior (Nelson Cooper, 2007, p. 426). Woodward (1958, p. 57) argues that the contingency theories come up with generalizations concerning structures which are associated with good use of d ifferent terminologies. Morgan (2007, p. 243) describes ideas that underlie contingency. He says that there are no better ways of organizing companies since they have open systems which require close management to balance their work. Moreover, to meet internal needs, the management should focus on achieving various organizational goals and several types of organizations that are required in different environments.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behaviour Concepts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In regard to Northouse (2004, p. 218), the model represents the relationship between style and favorableness of situation provided by leader-member relationship, high degree of task structure, and high leaders position obtained through right authority. On the same note, Lawrence Lorsch (1967, p. 113), describe contingency theory as the best way to organize corporation. The main idea of this theory is based o n the nature of environment in which organizations operate. Their ideas are also in line with ideas of people like Woodward (1965, p. 68) and Thompson (1967, p 89). After my interrogation with Chumo, I came up with the following theories which support the contingency theories. They helped me come up with the qualities of good leadership. They include; great man theory, trait theory, contingency theory, situational theory, behavioral theory, participative theory, management theory and relationship theory. These theories are discussed below. Great man Theory The theory suggests that good leaders are born and not made consequently the leadership skills are inherent. The theory portrays heroic, mythic and destined qualities hence the name of a great man. It is characterized by qualities such as having good member relations and task structure. For instance, one considers whether we have more than one solution to a problem or absorbing the problem. In this regard, the leader’s posi tion power is to punish the group members accordingly. The more the power the leader has, the more favorable the situation is (Caroselli, 2000, p. 140). He also talks about leader orientation which should be more than seventy three percent. Leaders should use their good relations with the group so as to ensure that the obligations are met. On the other hand, if workers tend to underperform, managers should try to seek approvals from the senior supervisors and thereby control the situation. They should also reduce anxiety and tension among the group members and know how they control challenging situations to make them perform better (Darzi, 2008, p. 290). They are task oriented in the sense that they get the work assigned seriouslyo and pay little attention to personal relations through the moderate control situations, high control situations and also in low control situations. Fielder therefore found that the contingency leadership skills are build upon the orientation of a leader a nd favorableness of the situation. Friedman’s theory was also supplemented by Abraham Lincoln and Julius Caesar who also supported the argument that good leaders are born and not made.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This theory became very famous in the nineteenth century. According to Chandler (1962, p. 148), effective leaders are those gifted with divine inspiration and the right traits. However, Mintzberg (1967, p. 202) argued that leaders are society products and differ in respect to the society they live in. He quoted that: One must admit that the genesis of a great man depends on the long series of complex influences and that they have produced the race where that person lives and appears, the social state into which the race has grown slowly so that before that fellow remarks on the society, the society alone must make him (Mintzberg (1967, p. 202) Trait Theories and the Path theory This theory assumes that people inherit some traits from other people that make them suited to leadership. The theory draws a relationship between behavioral and personal characteristics that are innate to all leaders. In the scientific study, leadership emphasizes leadership effectiveness. The principles beh ind the trait theory was that, potential leaders are born rather molded and hence this assumption led to the name â€Å"great man theory† together with all ideas behind this theory. Many leadership studies based on this theoretical framework were conducted in the nineteen thirties, nineteen forties through the nineteen fifties (Darzi, 2008, p. 103). These studies focused on the relationship between individual traits and measures of effective leadership. Physical, social and mental features such as height, personality and intelligence respectively, were all empirical variables of research. However, Stogdill (1948, p. 243) concludes that current research by then had not emphasized enough on the utility of the trait approach. On the other hand, the Path-Goal theory suggests that, followers should be encouraged by leaders so as to achieve identified goals. It points out that effective leaders should be able to guide and motivate their followers if at all they are to achieve their goals (Francis Yammarino, 2009, p. 222). The path-goal theory assumes that followers are capable of attaining their goals that are high performance and desired results, if at all their leaders focus on motivating them in their daily assignments. Contingency Theories Woodward (1965, p. 267), focuses on some given variables that are related to the environment and they can determine a particular style of leadership that is most suitable at a particular time. Ideally, no leadership skill is suitable in all situations. Therefore, leadership styles, qualities of followers and other aspects of the organization are what determines how successful a leader can be. Contingency theories became famous in the late nineteen sixties and nineteen seventies. Among the commonly known contingency theories are situational leadership theory, the Vroom-Yetton-Jago decision-making model of leadership, Fiedlers contingency theory, path-goal theory and the Fiedlers contingency theory. The situational leader ship theory was the first one to clarify on how situational factors and effective leadership are related. â€Å"In this theory, favorability of the situation determines the effectiveness of task and person-oriented leader behavior† (Leadership Theories and Studies 2012). In his research Fiedler argues that given both extremes of situations, task-oriented leaders will be more effective. However, the person-oriented leaders were considered to have much effective potential in moderate situations. It follows that leader behavior should minimize or remove obstacles for junior workers’ goals accomplishment, encourage them and motivate them and in turn improve their performance. Situational leadership theory was criticize from both, methodological and theoretical perspectives. Despite these criticisms, it is still the most preferred contingency theory of leadership. This is because it offers meaningful views on the relationship between leadership styles and subordinate abilit y. Situational Theories These theories explain how leaders make the best decisions while considering all aspects that surround them. They therefore employ certain styles for better decision making. Situational theory suggests that leadership advocates for more than one style and it is task oriented. Most importantly, leaders who hold the leadership styles to maturity are the most successful. Francis Yammarino (2009, p. 267), characterized situation theory by telling that the leader explains the roles of the individual or group by giving directions on how, where, what, why and when a certain task will be done. Selling, in this case a leader gives guidance by first communications before giving socio-emotional support. This allows and influences both independent individuals and those on group levels to buying the ideas of the leader. (Caroselli, 2000, p. 162); Participating, here decision-making is shared on aspects of how the task is accomplished and the leader provides less task beha viors; Delegating, this is whereby the leader remains in decision making process but the process and responsibility are all up to individuals or group members; Problem recognition, this is the extent to which individuals recognize problems when facing them. According to Grunig Hunt (1984, p. 149), people do not stop thinking about situations until they realize what exactly is supposed to be done to improve the situation and lastly, constraint recognition, it is the extent to which individuals examine their behaviors while considering the limiting factors usually those that are beyond their control. Others include, level of involvement, information seeking and information processing (Kumar, 2001, p. 89) Behavioral Theories This is rooted in behaviorism and suggests that good leaders are made and not born. The theory focuses on actions of leaders and not on the mental qualifications. Therefore, through teaching and observation, one can learn to be a good leader. In the earlier ninete en fifties, due to disenchantment the focus changed to behavioral traits of leadership (Reddy, 2004, p. 93). Following the studies that took place in the late nineteen forties and nineteen fifties, the following were taken into account: consideration and initiating structure were the two factors to be considered most in determining the leadership skills. It concurs with principles of trait theory in that combining the natural aspect of leaders and what they seem to integrate with what they encompass in every aspects of leadership. The major appeal of behavioral theory assumes that if we have the leadership knowledge, and then it will be possible to teach others (Maurik 2001, p. 199 Northouse, 2004, p. 158). Ivan Pavlov also includes the following theories: aggression Biological Theory verses Behaviorist and spiritual energy, its promotional aspects include Individualized Consideration Intellectual Stimulation, Inspirational Motivation and Idealized Influence Participate Theories a nd Relationship Theories Good leadership is one that puts into practice other leadership styles. This makes other group members feel more relevant and get committed to decision making process. In this theory of participation, leaders should accommodate other peoples’ views. Transformational theories which are also referred to as relationship theories focus on the relationship between followers and their leaders. They inspire and motivate people on importance of good work through helping them. These leaders are not only concerned with group members but also, the individual members to meet their obligations. Fulop Linstead (1998, p. 98), consider the following concepts in management learning and knowledge which are also related to good leadership skills that should be possessed by a leader. Some of them include gender management and control. They suggest that a qualified leader should consider both men and women in their workplaces so that each of them is given an equal opport unity when it comes to promotion and work allocation. In addition, management should treat different cultures with equal weights; management sustainability, the power of politics in an organization, organizational control, management ethnicity as proposed by Robin Stanley Snell (1945, p 130). This is the management learning and knowledge strategies alternatively the core concepts in management. Management theories and servant leadership theories They are also referred to as transactional theories and their main emphasis is on the role and importance of organization, supervision and group performance. Employees are reprimanded or rewarded in respect to their performance in the organization. The servant theory suggests that leaders should put themselves in their servants shoes in order for them to have a vivid anticipation of what they expect of their followers. The theory of servant leadership therefore plays a critical role in leadership circles. However, it is hard to explain the t heory because of a number of values that a good leader should posses. Transformational leadership theory In the nineteenth seventies, a number of leadership theories emerged. The theories emphasised on the significance of charisma in effective leadership. In addition, they explain how leaders can handle challenging tasks facing their organization that is by forming successful company against incredible challenges. The theories also focus on the significance of leaders stirring subordinates appreciation, enthusiasm, and unquestioned allegiance through articulating a lucid and persuasive vision (Reddy, 2004, p. 107). Moreover, the theory describes that leadership is the process through which one connect with others which results into an increased motivation and morality from both followers and leaders (Wolinski 2010). It is connected to the theory of charismatic leadership that postulates that leaders with unique qualities such as extroversion, confidence and clearly stated values are the most suitable for motivating followers (Wolinski 2010). The main aspect of the transformational leadership so far is that the leader should address the needs of the followers so as to help them achieve their desired results. Servant Leadership Theories These theories in their philosophy argue that leaders should be servants. First of all, they should put their interests behind those of their followers, customers and even the community at large in order to realise effectiveness of their leadership (Beyrem, 1998, p. 216). Some of their features include stewardship, empathy and commitment. Secondly, we have the management processes which include motivation and learning in that workers must be trained so that they are aware of any changes within the organization to discover new ways of doing things by continuously being taken to the field and organizing for motivational talks at given set interval, leadership and learning in that a good leader keeps on learning each and every new d ay on various issues such as mistakes committed by workers so as to avoid them next time they are faced with similar challenges (Stogdill, 1948, p. 145), formation of management teams to lead other people from below, management of conflict and negotiation as per Stephen Linstead, Jonathan Gosling, Liz Fulop, Anne-Marie Greene and David S. Richards, formation of management change as per Alison Pullen, decision making in organization, management strategically by Bobby Baneriee, Michael Brone and Stephen Linsted and also forming the inter-organizational networking to help the leader assess their performance through either within and outside the organization. It is from the above theories together with the study of Brookside Company that I came up with the following leadership skills. Vision: Leaders should have a vision and at the same time have a different perspective on how they view things. Secondly, being wise; being wise is knowing something about everything unlike knowing everyth ing about something therefore, for one to be a good leader, he/she should make critical decisions at the right time within the organization. This knowledge is crucial for any organization to succeed. Thirdly, is being passionate in nature. Leaders should be passionate people in the sense that they see where and what they are obsessed with. Such thing could be project in the business, sports or a hobby. This in turn helps them to remain focused in any decision and when dealing with delicate operations. Fourthly, is to have compassion for their supporters and employees by having great coaching and development skills. In addition to this, leaders should also know people who care about them. In this regard, they therefore cease to be selfish and diversify their thinking. In addition, leaders should be charismatic. Good leaders are like traps who charm followers and tend them close because of their personable characters. They are also quick in networking especially building relationships and ensuring high performance. Such fellows have the X-factor characteristic. Moreover, good leaders should communicate. Finally, leaders need to be good communicators and motivators who can inspire their followers when addressing them. Good leaders should also be persistent. This means they are supposed to be determined in making up to their goals. They should understand that reaching up to their goals would be hard but they persist until they get what they desire. Intelligence is another characteristic of a good leader. Good leaders mean what they speak and promise. They are also regarded as people who keep their promises and avoid unconvincing others. People find them reliable, trustworthy and other go as far as making them their role models. A good leader should also be daring. Winston Churchill argues that, courage is the critical feature among all other aspects that lie in an organization. Good leaders chase after their dreams without despair. Despite that fears are real; dar ing leaders should face them regardless of their challenges. Lastly, good leaders should be disciplined and have control in regard to their goals. When others lose control, good leaders should focus on disciplining their minds to keep them on track regardless of what they are facing. Conclusion Considering the company’s performance from the time it started up to date, I can comfortably conclude that surely a leader with such skills will automatically succeed in terms of leadership and performance. Chumo, one of the senior managers of Brookside Company developed these skills through learning and practice. It is these skills that Chumo and other managers in the company posses that make the company perform outstandingly well. Moreover, it is in line with the contingency theories of a good leadership. Through having all the above discussed characteristics of good leadership, the entire organization could perform better while workers being at piece, having good communication strat egy so as to enhance even departmental help and coordination (Perrow, 1967, p. 293). Working without being pressurized people will be able to complete the tasks given in time and therefore efficiency in service, produce delivery (Darzi, 2008, p. 123). Regarding the Milk production in Nairobi, all the above characteristics and theories w include: great man theory trait theory, contingency theories situational theory, behavioural theory participate theories management theory, relationship theory transformational leadership theory servant leadership all are well and effectively applied and that clearly gives the evidence of the outstanding performance of the Brookside Limited Company. In most theories, leadership is taken to be a benchmark in several ways which include the following: a combination of traits, personality characteristics or leadership as a process. In many theories, there exists a belief that leadership is determined by a group of followers towards the realization of obj ectives of the organization. In my opinion, leadership is averse and a complex process as opposed to what currently writers write that oversimplifies that process. References Beyrem, FL 1998, Managerial Concepts, Gardner Publishers, New York. Caroselli, M (2000, Leadership Skills for Managers, McGraw-Hill, Professional Florida. Chandler Jr., AD 1962, Strategy and structure: Chapters in the history of the American industrial enterprise, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Darzi, NA 2008, Organisational Behaviour, Atlantic Publisher, New Delhi. Francis J Yammarino, FD 2009, Multi-Level Issues in Organizational Behavior and Leadership, Emerald Group Publishing, Illnois. Kumar, RM 2001, Organisational Behaviour, Anmol Publications, New Delhi. Lawrence, PR Lorsch, JW 1967, Organization and Environment: Managing Differentiation and Integration, Harvard University, Boston, MA. Maurik, JV 2001, Writers on Leadership, Penguin, London. Mintzberg, H 1979, The Structuring of Organizations, Prentice-Ha ll, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA. Morgan, G 2007, Images of organization, Sage Thousand, Oaks. Nelson, DL Cooper, CL 2007, Positive Organizational Behavior, Sage, London. Northouse, PG 2004. Leadership: Theory and practice, 3rd edn, Sage, London. Perrow, Ch 1967, A Framework for the Comparative Analysis of Organizations, American Sociological Review, vol. 32, no. 2, pp.194–208. Reddy, JP 2004, Organisational behaviour, A.P.H. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi. Leadership Theories and Studies 2012, in Advameg (ed.), Reference for Business: Encyclopedia of Small Business. Web. Stogdill, R 1948, Behavioural Leadership Skills, Adventure Works Press, Chicago. Thompson, D 1967, Organizations in Action, McGraw-Hill, New York. Wolinski, S 2010, Leadership Theories. Web. Woodward, H 1958, Management and Technology, Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London. Woodward, J 1965, Industrial organization: Theory and practice, Oxford University Press, New York.

The Use Of Internet In Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Use Of Internet In Business - Essay Example This eliminates the use of intermediaries in business transactions. It provides a channel for consumers to interact directly with business owners through the internet.Consumer to consumer electronic commerce (C2C)This is where business transactions are done directly between consumers. An –example of popular sites that are used for these transactions includes ‘bdizcom’, ‘craigslist’ and ‘ebid’ among others.E-GovernmentIt is a process whereby ICT is used in the sharing of information amongst different parties. It is advantageous because it helps to fasten paper-based processes and to improve the relationship between citizens and the government.Mobile commerceThis is the use of wireless devices to perform business transactions. It is considered a success when benefits are realized by its users. Electronic and mobile commerce is largely used in fields like manufacturing, marketing and investment amongst others. It exhibits the following advan tages; it reduces costs since it is cheaper than other source used in marketing or promoting a business. Secondly, it increases accuracy in business activities because it does not provide room for mistakes, and lastly, it provides a universal reach. For business, enterprises to have electric commerce they should have a web server hardware platform that is complete with appropriate software. There also exists electronic payment systems that are used to enhance businesses transactions by companies.

Strategy in the Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Strategy in the Organization - Essay Example In the approach, the biological evolution’s law of the jungle is substituted by the market discipline. Another approach based on the business processes has emphasis on the stickiness and imperfection of human life. The strategy pragmatically accommodates strategies for the fallible processes, both for the markets and organizations. The final view is the systemic approach, which is in essence relativistic. The approach regards the means and ends of strategy as being inescapably connected with the powers and cultures of the social systems in the local setting where the strategy is implemented. The four strategic approaches, according to Whittington (2000), have fundamental differences emerging along two distinct dimensions. The first dimension is based on the outcomes of the strategy while the second dimension is based on the processes by which the strategies are made. In a nutshell, the two dimensions examine the purpose of the strategy and the processes involved in the impleme ntation of the strategy respectively. In the assumptions by evolutionary and classical approaches, the maximization of profits is viewed as the intended outcome of implementing a strategy. On the other hand, the processual and systemic approaches project a more pluralistic approach, viewing other outcomes that are possible from a strategy as much as the profits. Regarding processes, differences arise in the pairings. On the same front are the processualist and evolutionary approaches which view strategy as coming from processes arising by chance, conservatism and confusion. Similarly, theorists of systemic and classical approaches have converging views that strategy can be deliberate despite their differences over the outcomes from the two strategies. Taking a closer look at each of the four strategic approaches, the classical approach contains the textbook answers. This means, it views strategy as a process that is rational. It should, therefore, involve deliberate calculations and analyses strategically intended to maximize on the long-term advantage. In the classical approach, deliberate effort is made in the gathering of information and in the application of the most suitable techniques. In this view, both the organization and its environment are made plastic and predictable, shaped by the organization’s top management using carefully formulated plans. The classical approach relies on good planning in the mastering of the internal and external business environments. Success and failure in the long-run, is determined by the objective decision making and the rational analysis employed in the classical approach (Armstrong, 1991). On another strategic front, the evolutionary approach view the future-oriented planning adopted by the classical approach as irrelevant. According to the approach, the business environment is very unpredictable and implacable to anticipate anything effectively. According to the approach, the hostile, dynamic and competitive na ture of the markets means that it is not possible for organizations to plan for their long-term survival. In essence, only the firms that strategize to maximize on their profits will eventually survive the harsh environment. The businesses are likened to the species in biological evolution where the fittest organisms for survival are ruthlessly selected through competitive processes. The unfit organisms have little power to adopt to change quickly enough and therefore cascade towards extinction.